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}(t) : t ? (t.c || (t = l(t.t)), t.c += 1, t.t += e, t.sos += e * e, e > t.max && (t.max = e), e < t.min && (t.min = e), t) : {
t: e
};
}
function l(e) {
return {
t: e,
min: e,
max: e,
sos: e * e,
c: 1
};
}
function h(e) {
return "object" != typeof e ? [] : (0, u.D)(e, p);
}
function p(e, t) {
return t;
}
var g = i(6797),
v = i(5526),
m = i(8610);
var b = i(9252),
y = i(2053),
w = i(8283),
E = i(6625),
T = i(4329),
x = i(1509),
O = i(2650),
A = i(2374);
class _ extends x.W {
constructor(e, t, r) {
let n = !(arguments.length > 3 && void 0 !== arguments[3]) || arguments[3];
super(e, t, r), this.completed = new Promise((e, t) => {
this.resolve = e, this.reject = t;
}), this.hasAggregator = !1, this.auto = n, n && (0, T.R)(e, r);
}
importAggregator() {
try {
if (this.hasAggregator || !this.auto) return;
this.hasAggregator = !0;
const e = async () => {
try {
const {
Aggregate: e
} = await i(4992)(`./${this.featureName}/aggregate`);
new e(this.agentIdentifier, this.aggregator), this.resolve();
} catch (e) {
(0, m.Z)(`Failed to import aggregator class for ${this.featureName}`, e);
}
};
A.v6 ? e() : (0, O.b)(() => e(), !0);
} catch (e) {
this.reject(e);
}
}
}
var S,
N,
D,
P = i(2484);
class I extends _ {
constructor(e, t) {
let r = !(arguments.length > 2 && void 0 !== arguments[2]) || arguments[2];
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}
measureWindowLoaded() {
var t = (0, y.zO)();
(0, w.B)(this.agentIdentifier, "onload", t + (0, y.os)()), (0, b.p)("timing", ["load", t], void 0, e.D.pageViewTiming, this.ee);
}
measureDomContentLoaded() {
(0, w.B)(this.agentIdentifier, "domContent", (0, y.zO)() + (0, y.os)());
}
}
S = I, N = "featureName", D = P.t, N in S ? Object.defineProperty(S, N, {
value: D,
enumerable: !0,
configurable: !0,
writable: !0
}) : S[N] = D;
var R = i(6998),
C = i(8544),
j = i(6382);
class k extends _ {
constructor(t, r) {
var n;
let i = !(arguments.length > 2 && void 0 !== arguments[2]) || arguments[2];
if (super(t, r, j.t, i), n = this, A.il) {
if (this.pageHiddenTime = (0, R.e)(), this.performanceObserver, this.lcpPerformanceObserver, this.clsPerformanceObserver, this.fiRecorded = !1, "PerformanceObserver" in window && "function" == typeof window.PerformanceObserver) {
this.performanceObserver = new PerformanceObserver(function () {
return n.perfObserver(...arguments);
});
try {
this.performanceObserver.observe({
entryTypes: ["paint"]
});
} catch (e) {}
this.lcpPerformanceObserver = new PerformanceObserver(function () {
return n.lcpObserver(...arguments);
});
try {
this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({
entryTypes: ["largest-contentful-paint"]
});
} catch (e) {}
this.clsPerformanceObserver = new PerformanceObserver(function () {
return n.clsObserver(...arguments);
});
try {
this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({
type: "layout-shift",
buffered: !0
});
} catch (e) {}
}
this.fiRecorded = !1;
["click", "keydown", "mousedown", "pointerdown", "touchstart"].forEach(e => {
(0, C.iz)(e, function () {
return n.captureInteraction(...arguments);
});
}), (0, R.N)(() => {
this.pageHiddenTime = (0, y.zO)(), (0, b.p)("docHidden", [this.pageHiddenTime], void 0, e.D.pageViewTiming, this.ee);
}, !0), (0, C.bP)("pagehide", () => (0, b.p)("winPagehide", [(0, y.zO)()], void 0, e.D.pageViewTiming, this.ee)), this.importAggregator();
}
}
perfObserver(t, r) {
t.getEntries().forEach(t => {
"first-paint" === t.name ? (0, b.p)("timing", ["fp", Math.floor(t.startTime)], void 0, e.D.pageViewTiming, this.ee) : "first-contentful-paint" === t.name && (0, b.p)("timing", ["fcp", Math.floor(t.startTime)], void 0, e.D.pageViewTiming, this.ee);
});
}
lcpObserver(t, r) {
var n = t.getEntries();
if (n.length > 0) {
var i = n[n.length - 1];
if (this.pageHiddenTime < i.startTime) return;
var o = [i],
a = this.addConnectionAttributes({});
a && o.push(a), (0, b.p)("lcp", o, void 0, e.D.pageViewTiming, this.ee);
}
}
clsObserver(t) {
t.getEntries().forEach(t => {
t.hadRecentInput || (0, b.p)("cls", [t], void 0, e.D.pageViewTiming, this.ee);
});
}
addConnectionAttributes(e) {
var t = navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection;
if (t) return t.type && (e["net-type"] = t.type), t.effectiveType && (e["net-etype"] = t.effectiveType), t.rtt && (e["net-rtt"] = t.rtt), t.downlink && (e["net-dlink"] = t.downlink), e;
}
captureInteraction(r) {
if (r instanceof t.Yu.EV && !this.fiRecorded) {
var n = Math.round(r.timeStamp),
i = {
type: r.type
};
this.addConnectionAttributes(i), n <= (0, y.zO)() ? i.fid = (0, y.zO)() - n : n > (0, y.os)() && n <= Date.now() ? (n -= (0, y.os)(), i.fid = (0, y.zO)() - n) : n = (0, y.zO)(), this.fiRecorded = !0, (0, b.p)("timing", ["fi", n, i], void 0, e.D.pageViewTiming, this.ee);
}
}
}
!function (e, t, r) {
t in e ? Object.defineProperty(e, t, {
value: r,
enumerable: !0,
configurable: !0,
writable: !0
}) : e[t] = r;
}(k, "featureName", j.t);
var L = i(4045),
M = "React",
H = "Angular",
z = "AngularJS",
B = "Backbone",
F = "Ember",
$ = "Vue",
U = "Meteor",
V = "Zepto",
G = "Jquery";
function q() {
if (!A.il) return [];
var e = [];
try {
(function () {
try {
if (window.React || window.ReactDOM || window.ReactRedux) return !0;
if (document.querySelector("[data-reactroot], [data-reactid]")) return !0;
for (var e = document.querySelectorAll("body > div"), t = 0; t < e.length; t++) if (Object.keys(e[t]).indexOf("_reactRootContainer") >= 0) return !0;
return !1;
} catch (e) {
return !1;
}
})() && e.push(M), function () {
try {
return !!window.angular || !!document.querySelector(".ng-binding, [ng-app], [data-ng-app], [ng-controller], [data-ng-controller], [ng-repeat], [data-ng-repeat]") || !!document.querySelector('script[src*="angular.js"], script[src*="angular.min.js"]');
} catch (e) {
return !1;
}
}() && e.push(z), function () {
try {
return !!(window.hasOwnProperty("ng") && window.ng.hasOwnProperty("coreTokens") && window.ng.coreTokens.hasOwnProperty("NgZone")) || !!document.querySelectorAll("[ng-version]").length;
} catch (e) {
return !1;
}
}() && e.push(H), window.Backbone && e.push(B), window.Ember && e.push(F), window.Vue && e.push($), window.Meteor && e.push(U), window.Zepto && e.push(V), window.jQuery && e.push(G);
} catch (e) {}
return e;
}
var W = i(9548),
X = i(9226),
Z = i(8226);
const Y = Boolean(A._A?.Worker),
J = Boolean(A._A?.SharedWorker),
Q = Boolean(A._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker);
let K, ee, te;
var re = i(6034);
class ne extends _ {
constructor(e, t) {
var r;
let n = arguments.length > 2 && void 0 !== arguments[2] ? arguments[2] : {},
i = !(arguments.length > 3 && void 0 !== arguments[3]) || arguments[3];
super(e, t, re.t, i), r = this, this.PfFeatStatusEnum = n, this.singleChecks(), this.eachSessionChecks(), (0, L.X)("record-supportability", function () {
return r.recordSupportability(...arguments);
}, this.featureName, this.ee), (0, L.X)("record-custom", function () {
return r.recordCustom(...arguments);
}, this.featureName, this.ee), this.importAggregator();
}
recordSupportability(e, t) {
var r = ["sm", e, {
name: e
}, t];
return (0, b.p)("storeMetric", r, null, this.featureName, this.ee), r;
}
recordCustom(e, t) {
var r = ["cm", e, {
name: e
}, t];
return (0, b.p)("storeEventMetrics", r, null, this.featureName, this.ee), r;
}
singleChecks() {
this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Version/${Z.q}/Detected`);
const {
loaderType: e
} = (0, t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier);
e && this.recordSupportability(`Generic/LoaderType/${e}/Detected`), A.il && (0, O.K)(() => {
q().forEach(e => {
this.recordSupportability("Framework/" + e + "/Detected");
});
}), W.T.isFileProtocol() && (this.recordSupportability("Generic/FileProtocol/Detected"), W.T.supportabilityMetricSent = !0);
const r = (0, X.$c)(this.agentIdentifier);
r.length > 0 && this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Detected"), r.length > 0 && !(0, X.Ng)(r) && this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Invalid"), A.il && this.reportPolyfillsNeeded(), function (e) {
if (!K) {
if (Y) {
K = Worker;
try {
A._A.Worker = r(K, "Dedicated");
} catch (e) {
o(e, "Dedicated");
}
if (J) {
ee = SharedWorker;
try {
A._A.SharedWorker = r(ee, "Shared");
} catch (e) {
o(e, "Shared");
}
} else n("Shared");
if (Q) {
te = navigator.serviceWorker.register;
try {
A._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register = (t = te, function () {
for (var e = arguments.length, r = new Array(e), n = 0; n < e; n++) r[n] = arguments[n];
return i("Service", r[1]?.type), t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker, r);
});
} catch (e) {
o(e, "Service");
}
} else n("Service");
var t;
return;
}
n("All");
}
function r(e, t) {
return new Proxy(e, {
construct: (e, r) => (i(t, r[1]?.type), new e(...r))
});
}
function n(t) {
A.v6 || e(`Workers/${t}/Unavailable`);
}
function i(t, r) {
e("module" === r ? `Workers/${t}/Module` : `Workers/${t}/Classic`);
}
function o(t, r) {
e(`Workers/${r}/SM/Unsupported`), (0, m.Z)(`NR Agent: Unable to capture ${r} workers.`, t);
}
}(this.recordSupportability.bind(this));
}
reportPolyfillsNeeded() {
this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/Promise/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.PROMISE}`), this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ArrayIncludes/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.ARRAY_INCLUDES}`), this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectAssign/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ASSIGN}`), this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectEntries/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ENTRIES}`);
}
eachSessionChecks() {
A.il && (0, C.bP)("pageshow", e => {
e.persisted && this.recordCustom("Custom/BFCache/PageRestored");
});
}
}
!function (e, t, r) {
t in e ? Object.defineProperty(e, t, {
value: r,
enumerable: !0,
configurable: !0,
writable: !0
}) : e[t] = r;
}(ne, "featureName", re.t);
var ie = i(3916),
oe = i(3752),
ae = i(8683),
se = i.n(ae),
ce = A._A,
ue = "fetch-",
de = "fetch-body-",
fe = ["arrayBuffer", "blob", "json", "text", "formData"],
le = ce.Request,
he = ce.Response,
pe = "prototype",
ge = "nr@context";
const ve = {};
function me(e) {
const t = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("fetch");
}(e);
if (!(le && he && ce.fetch)) return t;
if (ve[t.debugId]) return t;
function r(e, r, n) {
var i = e[r];
"function" == typeof i && (e[r] = function () {
var e,
r = se()(arguments),
o = {};
t.emit(n + "before-start", [r], o), o[ge] && o[ge].dt && (e = o[ge].dt);
var a = i.apply(this, r);
return t.emit(n + "start", [r, e], a), a.then(function (e) {
return t.emit(n + "end", [null, e], a), e;
}, function (e) {
throw t.emit(n + "end", [e], a), e;
});
});
}
return ve[t.debugId] = !0, (0, u.D)(fe, function (e, t) {
r(le[pe], t, de), r(he[pe], t, de);
}), r(ce, "fetch", ue), t.on("fetch-end", function (e, r) {
var n = this;
if (r) {
var i = r.headers.get("content-length");
null !== i && (n.rxSize = i), t.emit("fetch-done", [null, r], n);
} else t.emit("fetch-done", [e], n);
}), t;
}
var be = "nr@original",
ye = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,
we = !1;
function Ee(e, t) {
return e || (e = oe.ee), r.inPlace = function (e, t, n, i, o) {
n || (n = "");
var a,
s,
c,
u = "-" === n.charAt(0);
for (c = 0; c < t.length; c++) s = t[c], Oe(a = e[s]) || (e[s] = r(a, u ? s + n : n, i, s, o));
}, r.flag = be, r;
function r(t, r, i, o, a) {
return Oe(t) ? t : (r || (r = ""), nrWrapper[be] = t, xe(t, nrWrapper, e), nrWrapper);
function nrWrapper() {
var s, c, u, d;
try {
c = this, s = se()(arguments), u = "function" == typeof i ? i(s, c) : i || {};
} catch (t) {
Te([t, "", [s, c, o], u], e);
}
n(r + "start", [s, c, o], u, a);
try {
return d = t.apply(c, s);
} catch (e) {
throw n(r + "err", [s, c, e], u, a), e;
} finally {
n(r + "end", [s, c, d], u, a);
}
}
}
function n(r, n, i, o) {
if (!we || t) {
var a = we;
we = !0;
try {
e.emit(r, n, i, t, o);
} catch (t) {
Te([t, r, n, i], e);
}
we = a;
}
}
}
function Te(e, t) {
t || (t = oe.ee);
try {
t.emit("internal-error", e);
} catch (e) {}
}
function xe(e, t, r) {
if (Object.defineProperty && Object.keys) try {
return Object.keys(e).forEach(function (r) {
Object.defineProperty(t, r, {
get: function () {
return e[r];
},
set: function (t) {
return e[r] = t, t;
}
});
}), t;
} catch (e) {
Te([e], r);
}
for (var n in e) ye.call(e, n) && (t[n] = e[n]);
return t;
}
function Oe(e) {
return !(e && e instanceof Function && e.apply && !e[be]);
}
function Ae(e, t, r) {
var n = e[t];
e[t] = function (e, t) {
var r = t(e);
return r[be] = e, xe(e, r, oe.ee), r;
}(n, r);
}
function _e() {
for (var e = arguments.length, t = new Array(e), r = 0; r < e; ++r) t[r] = arguments[r];
return t;
}
const Se = {};
function Ne(e) {
const t = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("timer");
}(e);
if (Se[t.debugId]) return t;
Se[t.debugId] = !0;
var r = Ee(t),
n = "setTimeout",
i = "setInterval",
o = "clearTimeout",
a = "-start";
return r.inPlace(A._A, [n, "setImmediate"], "setTimeout-"), r.inPlace(A._A, [i], "setInterval-"), r.inPlace(A._A, [o, "clearImmediate"], "clearTimeout-"), t.on(i + a, function (e, t, n) {
e[0] = r(e[0], "fn-", null, n);
}), t.on(n + a, function (e, t, n) {
this.method = n, this.timerDuration = isNaN(e[1]) ? 0 : +e[1], e[0] = r(e[0], "fn-", this, n);
}), t;
}
const De = {};
function Pe(e) {
const t = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("raf");
}(e);
if (De[t.debugId] || !A.il) return t;
De[t.debugId] = !0;
var r = Ee(t);
return r.inPlace(window, ["requestAnimationFrame", "mozRequestAnimationFrame", "webkitRequestAnimationFrame", "msRequestAnimationFrame"], "raf-"), t.on("raf-start", function (e) {
e[0] = r(e[0], "fn-");
}), t;
}
const Ie = {};
function Re(e) {
const t = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("history");
}(e);
if (Ie[t.debugId] || !A.il) return t;
Ie[t.debugId] = !0;
var r = Ee(t),
n = window.history && window.history.constructor && window.history.constructor.prototype,
i = window.history;
return n && n.pushState && n.replaceState && (i = n), r.inPlace(i, ["pushState", "replaceState"], "-"), t;
}
const Ce = {};
function je(e) {
const t = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("jsonp");
}(e);
if (Ce[t.debugId] || !A.il) return t;
Ce[t.debugId] = !0;
var r = Ee(t),
n = /[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,
i = /(.*)\.([^.]+)/,
o = /^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,
a = ["appendChild", "insertBefore", "replaceChild"];
function s(e, t) {
var r = e.match(o),
n = r[1],
i = r[3];
return i ? s(i, t[n]) : t[n];
}
return "addEventListener" in window && (Node && Node.prototype && Node.prototype.appendChild ? r.inPlace(Node.prototype, a, "dom-") : (r.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype, a, "dom-"), r.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype, a, "dom-"), r.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype, a, "dom-"))), t.on("dom-start", function (e) {
!function (e) {
if (!e || "string" != typeof e.nodeName || "script" !== e.nodeName.toLowerCase()) return;
if ("function" != typeof e.addEventListener) return;
var o = (a = e.src, c = a.match(n), c ? c[1] : null);
var a, c;
if (!o) return;
var u = function (e) {
var t = e.match(i);
if (t && t.length >= 3) return {
key: t[2],
parent: s(t[1], window)
};
return {
key: e,
parent: window
};
}(o);
if ("function" != typeof u.parent[u.key]) return;
var d = {};
function f() {
t.emit("jsonp-end", [], d), e.removeEventListener("load", f, (0, C.m$)(!1)), e.removeEventListener("error", l, (0, C.m$)(!1));
}
function l() {
t.emit("jsonp-error", [], d), t.emit("jsonp-end", [], d), e.removeEventListener("load", f, (0, C.m$)(!1)), e.removeEventListener("error", l, (0, C.m$)(!1));
}
r.inPlace(u.parent, [u.key], "cb-", d), e.addEventListener("load", f, (0, C.m$)(!1)), e.addEventListener("error", l, (0, C.m$)(!1)), t.emit("new-jsonp", [e.src], d);
}(e[0]);
}), t;
}
const ke = {};
function Le(e) {
const r = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("mutation");
}(e);
if (ke[r.debugId] || !A.il) return r;
ke[r.debugId] = !0;
var n = Ee(r),
i = t.Yu.MO;
return i && (window.MutationObserver = function (e) {
return this instanceof i ? new i(n(e, "fn-")) : i.apply(this, arguments);
}, MutationObserver.prototype = i.prototype), r;
}
const Me = {};
function He(e) {
const r = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("promise");
}(e);
if (Me[r.debugId]) return r;
Me[r.debugId] = !0;
var n = oe.c,
i = Ee(r),
o = t.Yu.PR;
return o && function () {
function e(e) {
var t = r.context(),
n = i(e, "executor-", t, null, !1),
a = new o(n);
return r.context(a).getCtx = function () {
return t;
}, a;
}
A._A.Promise = e, Object.defineProperty(A._A.Promise, "name", {
value: "Promise"
}), ["all", "race"].forEach(function (e) {
var t = o[e];
o[e] = function (n) {
var i = !1;
(0, u.D)(n, function (t, r) {
Promise.resolve(r).then(s("all" === e), s(!1));
});
var a = t.apply(o, arguments);
return o.resolve(a);
function s(e) {
return function () {
r.emit("propagate", [null, !i], a, !1, !1), i = i || !e;
};
}
};
}), ["resolve", "reject"].forEach(function (e) {
var t = o[e];
o[e] = function (e) {
var n = t.apply(o, arguments);
return e !== n && r.emit("propagate", [e, !0], n, !1, !1), n;
};
}), o.prototype.catch = function (e) {
return this.then(null, e);
}, Object.assign(o.prototype, {
constructor: {
value: e
}
}), (0, u.D)(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(o), function (t, r) {
try {
e[r] = o[r];
} catch (e) {}
}), Ae(o.prototype, "then", function (e) {
return function () {
var t = this,
o = _e.apply(this, arguments),
a = n(t);
a.promise = t, o[0] = i(o[0], "cb-", a, null, !1), o[1] = i(o[1], "cb-", a, null, !1);
var s = e.apply(this, o);
return a.nextPromise = s, r.emit("propagate", [t, !0], s, !1, !1), s;
};
}), r.on("executor-start", function (e) {
e[0] = i(e[0], "resolve-", this, null, !1), e[1] = i(e[1], "resolve-", this, null, !1);
}), r.on("executor-err", function (e, t, r) {
e[1](r);
}), r.on("cb-end", function (e, t, n) {
r.emit("propagate", [n, !0], this.nextPromise, !1, !1);
}), r.on("propagate", function (e, t, n) {
this.getCtx && !t || (this.getCtx = function () {
if (e instanceof Promise) var t = r.context(e);
return t && t.getCtx ? t.getCtx() : this;
});
}), e.toString = function () {
return "" + o;
};
}(), r;
}
const ze = {};
function Be(e) {
var t = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("events");
}(e);
if (ze[t.debugId]) return t;
ze[t.debugId] = !0;
var r = Ee(t, !0),
n = XMLHttpRequest,
i = "addEventListener",
o = "removeEventListener";
function a(e) {
for (var t = e; t && !t.hasOwnProperty(i);) t = Object.getPrototypeOf(t);
t && s(t);
}
function s(e) {
r.inPlace(e, [i, o], "-", c);
}
function c(e, t) {
return e[1];
}
return "getPrototypeOf" in Object ? (A.il && a(document), a(A._A), a(n.prototype)) : n.prototype.hasOwnProperty(i) && (s(A._A), s(n.prototype)), t.on("addEventListener-start", function (e, t) {
var n = e[1];
if (null !== n && ("function" == typeof n || "object" == typeof n)) {
var i = (0, ie.X)(n, "nr@wrapped", function () {
var e = {
object: function () {
if ("function" != typeof n.handleEvent) return;
return n.handleEvent.apply(n, arguments);
},
function: n
}[typeof n];
return e ? r(e, "fn-", null, e.name || "anonymous") : n;
});
this.wrapped = e[1] = i;
}
}), t.on("removeEventListener-start", function (e) {
e[1] = this.wrapped || e[1];
}), t;
}
const Fe = {};
function $e(e) {
var r = e || oe.ee;
const n = function (e) {
return (e || oe.ee).get("xhr");
}(r);
if (Fe[n.debugId]) return n;
Fe[n.debugId] = !0, Be(r);
var i = Ee(n),
o = t.Yu.XHR,
a = t.Yu.MO,
s = t.Yu.PR,
c = t.Yu.SI,
u = "readystatechange",
d = ["onload", "onerror", "onabort", "onloadstart", "onloadend", "onprogress", "ontimeout"],
f = [],
l = A._A.XMLHttpRequest.listeners,
h = A._A.XMLHttpRequest = function (e) {
var t = new o(e);
function r() {
try {
n.emit("new-xhr", [t], t), t.addEventListener(u, g, (0, C.m$)(!1));
} catch (e) {
(0, m.Z)("An error occured while intercepting XHR", e);
try {
n.emit("internal-error", [e]);
} catch (e) {}
}
}
return this.listeners = l ? [...l, r] : [r], this.listeners.forEach(e => e()), t;
};
function p(e, t) {
i.inPlace(t, ["onreadystatechange"], "fn-", E);
}
function g() {
var e = this,
t = n.context(e);
e.readyState > 3 && !t.resolved && (t.resolved = !0, n.emit("xhr-resolved", [], e)), i.inPlace(e, d, "fn-", E);
}
if (function (e, t) {
for (var r in e) t[r] = e[r];
}(o, h), h.prototype = o.prototype, i.inPlace(h.prototype, ["open", "send"], "-xhr-", E), n.on("send-xhr-start", function (e, t) {
p(e, t), function (e) {
f.push(e), a && (v ? v.then(w) : c ? c(w) : (b = -b, y.data = b));
}(t);
}), n.on("open-xhr-start", p), a) {
var v = s && s.resolve();
if (!c && !s) {
var b = 1,
y = document.createTextNode(b);
new a(w).observe(y, {
characterData: !0
});
}
} else r.on("fn-end", function (e) {
e[0] && e[0].type === u || w();
});
function w() {
for (var e = 0; e < f.length; e++) p(0, f[e]);
f.length && (f = []);
}
function E(e, t) {
return t;
}
return n;
}
function Ue(e) {
return Be(e);
}
function Ve(e) {
return me(e);
}
function Ge(e) {
return Re(e);
}
function qe(e) {
return Pe(e);
}
function We(e) {
return Ne(e);
}
function Xe(e) {
return $e(e);
}
var Ze,
Ye = {};
try {
Ze = localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","), console && "function" == typeof console.log && (Ye.console = !0, -1 !== Ze.indexOf("dev") && (Ye.dev = !0), -1 !== Ze.indexOf("nr_dev") && (Ye.nrDev = !0));
} catch (e) {}
function Je(e) {
try {
Ye.console && Je(e);
} catch (e) {}
}
Ye.nrDev && oe.ee.on("internal-error", function (e) {
Je(e.stack);
}), Ye.dev && oe.ee.on("fn-err", function (e, t, r) {
Je(r.stack);
}), Ye.dev && (Je("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"), Je("flags: " + (0, u.D)(Ye, function (e, t) {
return e;
}).join(", ")));
var Qe = i(8322);
class Ke extends _ {
constructor(r, n) {
var i;
let o = !(arguments.length > 2 && void 0 !== arguments[2]) || arguments[2];
super(r, n, Qe.t, o), i = this, this.skipNext = 0, this.handleErrors = !1, this.origOnerror = A._A?.onerror;
const a = this,
s = (0, t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier);
s.features.err = !0, a.ee.on("fn-start", function (e, t, r) {
a.handleErrors && (a.skipNext += 1);
}), a.ee.on("fn-err", function (e, t, r) {
a.handleErrors && !r[Qe.A] && ((0, ie.X)(r, Qe.A, function () {
return !0;
}), this.thrown = !0, tt(r, void 0, a.ee));
}), a.ee.on("fn-end", function () {
a.handleErrors && !this.thrown && a.skipNext > 0 && (a.skipNext -= 1);
}), a.ee.on("internal-error", t => {
(0, b.p)("ierr", [t, (0, y.zO)(), !0], void 0, e.D.jserrors, a.ee);
});
const c = A._A?.onerror;
A._A.onerror = function () {
return c && c(...arguments), i.onerrorHandler(...arguments), !1;
};
try {
A._A?.addEventListener("unhandledrejection", t => {
const r = new Error(`${t.reason}`);
(0, b.p)("err", [r, (0, y.zO)(), !1, {
unhandledPromiseRejection: 1
}], void 0, e.D.jserrors, this.ee);
});
} catch (e) {}
try {
throw new Error();
} catch (e) {
"stack" in e && (We(this.ee), qe(this.ee), "addEventListener" in A._A && Ue(this.ee), s.xhrWrappable && Xe(this.ee), a.handleErrors = !0);
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this.importAggregator();
}
onerrorHandler(t, r, n, i, o) {
try {
this.skipNext ? this.skipNext -= 1 : tt(o || new et(t, r, n), !0, this.ee);
} catch (t) {
try {
(0, b.p)("ierr", [t, (0, y.zO)(), !0], void 0, e.D.jserrors, this.ee);
} catch (e) {}
}
return "function" == typeof this.origOnerror && this.origOnerror.apply(this, se()(arguments));
}
}
function et(e, t, r) {
this.message = e || "Uncaught error with no additional information", this.sourceURL = t, this.line = r;
}
function tt(t, r, n) {
var i = r ? null : (0, y.zO)();
(0, b.p)("err", [t, i], void 0, e.D.jserrors, n);
}
!function (e, t, r) {
t in e ? Object.defineProperty(e, t, {
value: r,
enumerable: !0,
configurable: !0,
writable: !0
}) : e[t] = r;
}(Ke, "featureName", Qe.t);
var rt = 1;
function nt(e) {
var t = typeof e;
return !e || "object" !== t && "function" !== t ? -1 : e === A._A ? 0 : (0, ie.X)(e, "nr@id", function () {
return rt++;
});
}
var it = i(9071);
function ot(e) {
if ("string" == typeof e && e.length) return e.length;
if ("object" == typeof e) {
if ("undefined" != typeof ArrayBuffer && e instanceof ArrayBuffer && e.byteLength) return e.byteLength;
if ("undefined" != typeof Blob && e instanceof Blob && e.size) return e.size;
if (!("undefined" != typeof FormData && e instanceof FormData)) try {
return JSON.stringify(e).length;
} catch (e) {
return;
}
}
}
var at = i(6368);
class st {
constructor(e) {
this.agentIdentifier = e, this.generateTracePayload = this.generateTracePayload.bind(this), this.shouldGenerateTrace = this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this);
}
generateTracePayload(e) {
if (!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e)) return null;
var r = (0, t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);
if (!r) return null;
var n = (r.accountID || "").toString() || null,
i = (r.agentID || "").toString() || null,
o = (r.trustKey || "").toString() || null;
if (!n || !i) return null;
var a = (0, v.M)(),
s = (0, v.Ht)(),
c = Date.now(),
u = {
spanId: a,
traceId: s,
timestamp: c
};
return (e.sameOrigin || this.isAllowedOrigin(e) && this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors()) && (u.traceContextParentHeader = this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a, s), u.traceContextStateHeader = this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a, c, n, i, o)), (e.sameOrigin && !this.excludeNewrelicHeader() || !e.sameOrigin && this.isAllowedOrigin(e) && this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors()) && (u.newrelicHeader = this.generateTraceHeader(a, s, c, n, i, o)), u;
}
generateTraceContextParentHeader(e, t) {
return "00-" + t + "-" + e + "-01";
}
generateTraceContextStateHeader(e, t, r, n, i) {
return i + "@nr=0-1-" + r + "-" + n + "-" + e + "----" + t;
}
generateTraceHeader(e, t, r, n, i, o) {
if (!("function" == typeof A._A?.btoa)) return null;
var a = {
v: [0, 1],
d: {
ty: "Browser",
ac: n,
ap: i,
id: e,
tr: t,
ti: r
}
};
return o && n !== o && (a.d.tk = o), btoa(JSON.stringify(a));
}
shouldGenerateTrace(e) {
return this.isDtEnabled() && this.isAllowedOrigin(e);
}
isAllowedOrigin(e) {
var r = !1,
n = {};
if ((0, t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier, "distributed_tracing") && (n = (0, t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing), e.sameOrigin) r = !0;else if (n.allowed_origins instanceof Array) for (var i = 0; i < n.allowed_origins.length; i++) {
var o = (0, at.e)(n.allowed_origins[i]);
if (e.hostname === o.hostname && e.protocol === o.protocol && e.port === o.port) {
r = !0;
break;
}
}
return r;
}
isDtEnabled() {
var e = (0, t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier, "distributed_tracing");
return !!e && !!e.enabled;
}
excludeNewrelicHeader() {
var e = (0, t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier, "distributed_tracing");
return !!e && !!e.exclude_newrelic_header;
}
useNewrelicHeaderForCors() {
var e = (0, t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier, "distributed_tracing");
return !!e && !1 !== e.cors_use_newrelic_header;
}
useTraceContextHeadersForCors() {
var e = (0, t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier, "distributed_tracing");
return !!e && !!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers;
}
}
var ct = i(8675);
var ut = ["load", "error", "abort", "timeout"],
dt = ut.length,
ft = t.Yu.REQ,
lt = A._A?.XMLHttpRequest;
class ht extends _ {
constructor(r, n) {
let i = !(arguments.length > 2 && void 0 !== arguments[2]) || arguments[2];
super(r, n, ct.t, i);
const o = (0, t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier);
o.xhrWrappable && (o.features.xhr = !0, this.dt = new st(this.agentIdentifier), this.handler = (e, t, r, n) => (0, b.p)(e, t, r, n, this.ee), this.wrappedFetch = Ve(this.ee), Xe(this.ee), function (r, n, i, o) {
function a(e) {
var t = this;
t.totalCbs = 0, t.called = 0, t.cbTime = 0, t.end = T, t.ended = !1, t.xhrGuids = {}, t.lastSize = null, t.loadCaptureCalled = !1, t.params = this.params || {}, t.metrics = this.metrics || {}, e.addEventListener("load", function (r) {
O(t, e);
}, (0, C.m$)(!1)), it.I && (it.I > 34 || it.I < 10) || e.addEventListener("progress", function (e) {
t.lastSize = e.loaded;
}, (0, C.m$)(!1));
}
function s(e) {
this.params = {
method: e[0]
}, x(this, e[1]), this.metrics = {};
}
function c(e, n) {
var i = (0, t.DL)(r);
"xpid" in i && this.sameOrigin && n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID", i.xpid);
var a = o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);
if (a) {
var s = !1;
a.newrelicHeader && (n.setRequestHeader("newrelic", a.newrelicHeader), s = !0), a.traceContextParentHeader && (n.setRequestHeader("traceparent", a.traceContextParentHeader), a.traceContextStateHeader && n.setRequestHeader("tracestate", a.traceContextStateHeader), s = !0), s && (this.dt = a);
}
}
function u(e, t) {
var r = this.metrics,
i = e[0],
o = this;
if (r && i) {
var a = ot(i);
a && (r.txSize = a);
}
this.startTime = (0, y.zO)(), this.listener = function (e) {
try {
"abort" !== e.type || o.loadCaptureCalled || (o.params.aborted = !0), ("load" !== e.type || o.called === o.totalCbs && (o.onloadCalled || "function" != typeof t.onload)) && o.end(t);
} catch (e) {
try {
n.emit("internal-error", [e]);
} catch (e) {}
}
};
for (var s = 0; s < dt; s++) t.addEventListener(ut[s], this.listener, (0, C.m$)(!1));
}
function d(e, t, r) {
this.cbTime += e, t ? this.onloadCalled = !0 : this.called += 1, this.called !== this.totalCbs || !this.onloadCalled && "function" == typeof r.onload || this.end(r);
}
function f(e, t) {
var r = "" + nt(e) + !!t;
this.xhrGuids && !this.xhrGuids[r] && (this.xhrGuids[r] = !0, this.totalCbs += 1);
}
function l(e, t) {
var r = "" + nt(e) + !!t;
this.xhrGuids && this.xhrGuids[r] && (delete this.xhrGuids[r], this.totalCbs -= 1);
}
function h() {
this.endTime = (0, y.zO)();
}
function p(e, t) {
t instanceof lt && "load" === e[0] && n.emit("xhr-load-added", [e[1], e[2]], t);
}
function g(e, t) {
t instanceof lt && "load" === e[0] && n.emit("xhr-load-removed", [e[1], e[2]], t);
}
function v(e, t, r) {
t instanceof lt && ("onload" === r && (this.onload = !0), ("load" === (e[0] && e[0].type) || this.onload) && (this.xhrCbStart = (0, y.zO)()));
}
function m(e, t) {
this.xhrCbStart && n.emit("xhr-cb-time", [(0, y.zO)() - this.xhrCbStart, this.onload, t], t);
}
function b(e) {
var t,
r = e[1] || {};
"string" == typeof e[0] ? t = e[0] : e[0] && e[0].url ? t = e[0].url : A._A?.URL && e[0] && e[0] instanceof URL && (t = e[0].href), t && (this.parsedOrigin = (0, at.e)(t), this.sameOrigin = this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);
var n = o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);
if (n && (n.newrelicHeader || n.traceContextParentHeader)) if ("string" == typeof e[0] || A._A?.URL && e[0] && e[0] instanceof URL) {
var i = {};
for (var a in r) i[a] = r[a];
i.headers = new Headers(r.headers || {}), s(i.headers, n) && (this.dt = n), e.length > 1 ? e[1] = i : e.push(i);
} else e[0] && e[0].headers && s(e[0].headers, n) && (this.dt = n);
function s(e, t) {
var r = !1;
return t.newrelicHeader && (e.set("newrelic", t.newrelicHeader), r = !0), t.traceContextParentHeader && (e.set("traceparent", t.traceContextParentHeader), t.traceContextStateHeader && e.set("tracestate", t.traceContextStateHeader), r = !0), r;
}
}
function w(e, t) {
this.params = {}, this.metrics = {}, this.startTime = (0, y.zO)(), this.dt = t, e.length >= 1 && (this.target = e[0]), e.length >= 2 && (this.opts = e[1]);
var r,
n = this.opts || {},
i = this.target;
"string" == typeof i ? r = i : "object" == typeof i && i instanceof ft ? r = i.url : A._A?.URL && "object" == typeof i && i instanceof URL && (r = i.href), x(this, r);
var o = ("" + (i && i instanceof ft && i.method || n.method || "GET")).toUpperCase();
this.params.method = o, this.txSize = ot(n.body) || 0;
}
function E(t, r) {
var n;
this.endTime = (0, y.zO)(), this.params || (this.params = {}), this.params.status = r ? r.status : 0, "string" == typeof this.rxSize && this.rxSize.length > 0 && (n = +this.rxSize);
var o = {
txSize: this.txSize,
rxSize: n,
duration: (0, y.zO)() - this.startTime
};
i("xhr", [this.params, o, this.startTime, this.endTime, "fetch"], this, e.D.ajax);
}
function T(t) {
var r = this.params,
n = this.metrics;
if (!this.ended) {
this.ended = !0;
for (var o = 0; o < dt; o++) t.removeEventListener(ut[o], this.listener, !1);
r.aborted || (n.duration = (0, y.zO)() - this.startTime, this.loadCaptureCalled || 4 !== t.readyState ? null == r.status && (r.status = 0) : O(this, t), n.cbTime = this.cbTime, i("xhr", [r, n, this.startTime, this.endTime, "xhr"], this, e.D.ajax));
}
}
function x(e, t) {
var r = (0, at.e)(t),
n = e.params;
n.hostname = r.hostname, n.port = r.port, n.protocol = r.protocol, n.host = r.hostname + ":" + r.port, n.pathname = r.pathname, e.parsedOrigin = r, e.sameOrigin = r.sameOrigin;
}
function O(e, t) {
e.params.status = t.status;
var r = function (e, t) {
var r = e.responseType;
return "json" === r && null !== t ? t : "arraybuffer" === r || "blob" === r || "json" === r ? ot(e.response) : "text" === r || "" === r || void 0 === r ? ot(e.responseText) : void 0;
}(t, e.lastSize);
if (r && (e.metrics.rxSize = r), e.sameOrigin) {
var n = t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");
n && (e.params.cat = n.split(", ").pop());
}
e.loadCaptureCalled = !0;
}
n.on("new-xhr", a), n.on("open-xhr-start", s), n.on("open-xhr-end", c), n.on("send-xhr-start", u), n.on("xhr-cb-time", d), n.on("xhr-load-added", f), n.on("xhr-load-removed", l), n.on("xhr-resolved", h), n.on("addEventListener-end", p), n.on("removeEventListener-end", g), n.on("fn-end", m), n.on("fetch-before-start", b), n.on("fetch-start", w), n.on("fn-start", v), n.on("fetch-done", E);
}(this.agentIdentifier, this.ee, this.handler, this.dt), this.importAggregator());
}
}
!function (e, t, r) {
t in e ? Object.defineProperty(e, t, {
value: r,
enumerable: !0,
configurable: !0,
writable: !0
}) : e[t] = r;
}(ht, "featureName", ct.t);
var pt = i(6408),
gt = i(2628);
const {
ADD_EVENT_LISTENER: vt,
BST_RESOURCE: mt,
BST_TIMER: bt,
END: yt,
FEATURE_NAME: wt,
FN_END: Et,
FN_START: Tt,
learResourceTimings: xt,
PUSH_STATE: Ot,
REMOVE_EVENT_LISTENER: At,
RESOURCE: _t,
RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL: St,
START: Nt,
ORIG_EVENT: Dt
} = gt;
class Pt extends _ {
constructor(r, n) {
if (super(r, n, wt, !(arguments.length > 2 && void 0 !== arguments[2]) || arguments[2]), !A.il) return;
if (!(window.performance && window.performance.timing && window.performance.getEntriesByType)) return;
(0, t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).features.stn = !0;
const i = this.ee;
function o(t) {
if ((0, b.p)(mt, [window.performance.getEntriesByType(_t)], void 0, e.D.sessionTrace, i), window.performance["c" + xt]) try {
window.performance[At](St, o, !1);
} catch (t) {} else try {
window.performance[At]("webkit" + St, o, !1);
} catch (t) {}
}
this.timerEE = We(this.ee), this.rafEE = qe(this.ee), Ge(this.ee), Ue(this.ee), this.ee.on(Tt, function (e, t) {
e[0] instanceof Dt && (this.bstStart = (0, y.zO)());
}), this.ee.on(Et, function (t, r) {
var n = t[0];
n instanceof Dt && (0, b.p)("bst", [n, r, this.bstStart, (0, y.zO)()], void 0, e.D.sessionTrace, i);
}), this.timerEE.on(Tt, function (e, t, r) {
this.bstStart = (0, y.zO)(), this.bstType = r;
}), this.timerEE.on(Et, function (t, r) {
(0, b.p)(bt, [r, this.bstStart, (0, y.zO)(), this.bstType], void 0, e.D.sessionTrace, i);
}), this.rafEE.on(Tt, function () {
this.bstStart = (0, y.zO)();
}), this.rafEE.on(Et, function (t, r) {
(0, b.p)(bt, [r, this.bstStart, (0, y.zO)(), "requestAnimationFrame"], void 0, e.D.sessionTrace, i);
}), this.ee.on(Ot + Nt, function (e) {
this.time = (0, y.zO)(), this.startPath = location.pathname + location.hash;
}), this.ee.on(Ot + yt, function (t) {
(0, b.p)("bstHist", [location.pathname + location.hash, this.startPath, this.time], void 0, e.D.sessionTrace, i);
}), (0, pt.W)() ? ((0, b.p)(mt, [window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")], void 0, e.D.sessionTrace, i), function () {
var t = new PerformanceObserver((t, r) => {
var n = t.getEntries();
(0, b.p)(mt, [n], void 0, e.D.sessionTrace, i);
});
try {
t.observe({
entryTypes: ["resource"]
});
} catch (e) {}
}()) : vt in window.performance && (window.performance["c" + xt] ? window.performance[vt](St, o, (0, C.m$)(!1)) : window.performance[vt]("webkit" + St, o, (0, C.m$)(!1))), document[vt]("scroll", this.noOp, (0, C.m$)(!1)), document[vt]("keypress", this.noOp, (0, C.m$)(!1)), document[vt]("click", this.noOp, (0, C.m$)(!1)), this.importAggregator();
}
noOp(e) {}
}
!function (e, t, r) {
t in e ? Object.defineProperty(e, t, {
value: r,
enumerable: !0,
configurable: !0,
writable: !0
}) : e[t] = r;
}(Pt, "featureName", wt);
var It = i(755);
const {
FEATURE_NAME: Rt,
START: Ct,
END: jt,
BODY: kt,
CB_END: Lt,
JS_TIME: Mt,
FETCH: Ht,
ADD_EVENT_LISTENER: zt,
WIN: Bt,
LOCATION: Ft,
FN_START: $t,
CB_START: Ut,
FN_END: Vt
} = It;
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class="anchor-text">Recommended articles (6)</span></a></li></ul></div></div><article class="col-lg-12 col-md-16 pad-left pad-right" role="main" lang="en"><div class="Publication" id="publication"><div class="publication-brand u-show-from-sm"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/journal/journal-of-surgical-research" title="Go to Journal of Surgical Research on ScienceDirect"><span class="anchor-text"><img class="publication-brand-image" src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/prod/613a27b0174ace1bec06d312d367d7c4089cb16e/image/elsevier-non-solus.png" alt="Elsevier" /></span></a></div><div class="publication-volume u-text-center"><h2 class="publication-title u-h3" id="publication-title"><a class="anchor publication-title-link anchor-navigation" href="/journal/journal-of-surgical-research" title="Go to Journal of Surgical Research on ScienceDirect"><span class="anchor-text">Journal of Surgical Research</span></a></h2><div class="text-xs"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/journal/journal-of-surgical-research/vol/291/suppl/C" title="Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"><span class="anchor-text">Volume 291</span></a>, <!-- -->November 2023<!-- -->, Pages 124-132</div></div><div class="publication-cover u-show-from-sm"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/journal/journal-of-surgical-research/vol/291/suppl/C"><span class="anchor-text"><img class="publication-cover-image" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0022480423X00079-cov150h.gif" alt="Journal of Surgical Research" /></span></a></div></div><div class="PageDivider"></div><h1 id="screen-reader-main-title" class="Head u-font-gulliver u-h2 u-margin-s-ver"><span class="title-text">Assessing North Texas Regional Trauma Handoffs: A Multicenter Mixed-Methods Needs Assessment</span></h1><div class="Banner" id="banner"><div class="wrapper truncated"><div class="AuthorGroups text-s"><div class="author-group" id="author-group"><span class="sr-only">Author links open overlay panel</span><button class="button-link button-link-primary" type="button" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener="true" data-xocs-content-type="author" data-xocs-content-id="au1"><span class="button-link-text"><span class="react-xocs-alternative-link"><span class="given-name">Madhuri B.</span> <span class="text surname">Nagaraj</span> <span>MD, MS</span> </span><span class="author-ref" id="baff1"><sup>a</sup></span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 106 128" title="Correspondence author icon" width="20" height="20" class="icon icon-person react-xocs-author-icon"><path d="m11.07 1.2e2l0.84-9.29c1.97-18.79 23.34-22.93 41.09-22.93 17.74 0 39.11 4.13 41.08 22.84l0.84 9.38h10.04l-0.93-10.34c-2.15-20.43-20.14-31.66-51.03-31.66s-48.89 11.22-51.05 31.73l-0.91 10.27h10.03m41.93-102.29c-9.72 0-18.24 8.69-18.24 18.59 0 13.67 7.84 23.98 18.24 23.98s18.24-10.31 18.24-23.98c0-9.9-8.52-18.59-18.24-18.59zm0 52.29c-15.96 0-28-14.48-28-33.67 0-15.36 12.82-28.33 28-28.33s28 12.97 28 28.33c0 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button-link-primary" type="button" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener="true" data-xocs-content-type="author" data-xocs-content-id="au3"><span class="button-link-text"><span class="react-xocs-alternative-link"><span class="given-name">Alexander L.</span> <span class="text surname">Marinica</span> <span>DO</span> </span><span class="author-ref" id="baff1"><sup>a</sup></span></span></button>, <button class="button-link button-link-primary" type="button" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener="true" data-xocs-content-type="author" data-xocs-content-id="au4"><span class="button-link-text"><span class="react-xocs-alternative-link"><span class="given-name">Raymond L.</span> <span class="text surname">Fowler</span> <span>MD, FACEP, FAEMS</span> </span><span class="author-ref" id="baff2"><sup>b</sup></span></span></button>, <button class="button-link button-link-primary" type="button" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener="true" data-xocs-content-type="author" data-xocs-content-id="au5"><span class="button-link-text"><span class="react-xocs-alternative-link"><span class="given-name">Gilberto A.</span> <span class="text surname">Salazar</span> <span>MD</span> </span><span class="author-ref" id="baff2"><sup>b</sup></span></span></button>, <button class="button-link button-link-primary" type="button" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener="true" data-xocs-content-type="author" data-xocs-content-id="au6"><span class="button-link-text"><span class="react-xocs-alternative-link"><span class="given-name">Ryan P.</span> <span class="text surname">Dumas</span> <span>MD, FACS</span> </span><span class="author-ref" id="baff1"><sup>a</sup></span></span></button></div></div></div><button class="button-link button-link-secondary u-margin-s-ver text-s show-more-button button-link-icon-right" type="button" id="show-more-btn" data-aa-button="icon-expand"><span class="button-link-text">Show more</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 92 128" height="20" width="17.25" class="icon 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class="button-link-text">Cite</span></button></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ArticleIdentifierLinks u-margin-xs-bottom text-xs" id="article-identifier-links"><a class="anchor doi anchor-default" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2023.05.003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="Persistent link using digital object identifier" title="Persistent link using digital object identifier"><span class="anchor-text">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2023.05.003</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 78 128" aria-label="Opens in new window" width="1em" height="1em" class="icon icon-arrow-up-right arrow-external-link"><path d="m4 36h57.07l-59.5 59.5 7.07 7.08 59.36-59.36v56.78h1e1v-74h-74z"></path></svg></a><a class="anchor rights-and-content anchor-default" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&contentID=S0022480423001907&orderBeanReset=true" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span class="anchor-text">Get rights and content</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 78 128" aria-label="Opens in new window" width="1em" height="1em" class="icon icon-arrow-up-right arrow-external-link"><path d="m4 36h57.07l-59.5 59.5 7.07 7.08 59.36-59.36v56.78h1e1v-74h-74z"></path></svg></a></div><section class="ReferencedArticles"></section><section class="ReferencedArticles"></section><div id="preview-section-abstract"><div class="PageDivider"></div><div class="Abstracts u-font-gulliver text-s" id="abstracts"><div class="abstract author" id="abs0010" lang="en"><h2 class="section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom">Abstract</h2><div id="abssec0010"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" id="sectitle0015">Introduction</h3><p id="abspara0010">Trauma video review of <a href="/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/emergency-medical-service" title="Learn more about Emergency Medical Services from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link">Emergency Medical Services</a> (EMS) handoffs demonstrates frequent problems including interruptions and incomplete information transfer. This study aimed to perform a regional needs assessment of handoff perceptions and expectations to guide future standardization efforts.</p></div><div id="abssec0020"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" id="sectitle0025">Methods</h3><p id="abspara0020">A multidisciplinary team of trauma providers through consensus building created an anonymous survey which was then distributed through the North Central Texas Trauma Regional Advisory Council and four regional level-1 trauma institutions. Qualitative data underwent content analysis; quantitative data are presented with descriptive statistics.</p></div><div id="abssec0025"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" id="sectitle0030">Results</h3><p id="abspara0025">Survey responses (<em>n</em><span><span><span> = 249) were submitted by trauma nurses (38%), EMS (24%), emergency physicians (14%), and trauma physicians (13%). Median overall handoff quality was rated well (4, scale 1-5) despite some variability between <a href="/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hospital" title="Learn more about hospitals from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link">hospitals</a> (3, scale 1-5). The top five most important handoff details were the same for both stable and unstable </span><a href="/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/patient" title="Learn more about patients from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link">patients</a>: primary mechanism, blood pressure, </span><a href="/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/heart-rate" title="Learn more about heart rate from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link">heart rate</a><span>, <a href="/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/glasgow-coma-scale" title="Learn more about Glasgow Coma Scale from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link">Glasgow Coma Scale</a>, and location of injuries. While providers felt neutral about the data order, the vast majority supported immediate bed transfer and primary survey in unstable patients. The majority of receiving providers report interrupting handoff at least once (78%); and 66% of EMS clinicians found interruptions disruptive. Content analysis revealed top priority categories for improvement: environment, communication, information relayed, team dynamics, and flow of care.</span></span></p></div><div id="abssec0030"><h3 class="u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom" id="sectitle0035">Conclusion</h3><p id="abspara0030">Although our data demonstrated satisfaction and concordance with respect to the EMS handoff, 84% of EMS clinicians reported some to high amounts of variability across institutions. Gaps in the development of standardized handoffs identified include exposure, education, and enforcement of these protocols.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="preview-section-introduction"><div class="PageDivider"></div><div class="Introduction u-font-gulliver text-s u-margin-l-ver"><h2 class="u-h4 u-margin-s-bottom">Introduction</h2><section id="sec1"><p id="p0010">The handoff process–the communication and subsequent transfer of patient care–has been identified by the Joint Commission as a major contributor to sentinel events and thereby is a consistent target of quality improvement efforts.<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup> Early studies demonstrated that in high-acuity environments, handoffs are highly variable in the completeness of information transfer, timeliness, and quality of communication.3, 4, 5, 6, 7 More specifically, critical information such as patient vital signs were missing at unacceptably high rates, interruptions and lack of closed-loop communication led to unnecessary repetition, and efficiency varied significantly when accounting for patient condition.8, 9, 10</p><p id="p0015">As a high-stress, high-impact environment, the trauma handoff - which occurs between Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals and the receiving trauma team–is especially susceptible to variability.<sup>9</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>11</sup> Anecdotal inconsistency at our level-1 trauma center led the study team to evaluate nearly one hundred resuscitations using trauma video review (TVR). This process identified concerns similar to those published in literature including frequent interruptions, incomplete information transfer, and environmental factors that contribute to poor handoff quality.<sup>9</sup> Hypothesizing that this variability exists regionally, we sought to perform a needs assessment evaluating the existing perceptions and protocols guiding EMS handoff.</p><p id="p0020">In recent history, work in improving trauma patient-centered outcomes has led to the development and regionalization of trauma care through networks of prehospital care providers and specialized trauma centers. The ongoing goal of these networks is to optimize patient triage and standardize the quality of care across all institutions within a region.<sup>12</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>13</sup> Efforts to achieve this goal include trauma center verification through the American College of Surgeons (ACS) or state governments. Despite these efforts, the development of regionalized handoff protocols remains poorly implemented and studied. Only one previous study in central Ohio identified improvements in information transfer following the implementation of a standard handoff framework and training.<sup>14</sup> Furthermore, the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) practice management guidelines for “Transitions of Care/Handoffs†is currently under development and areyet to be published.<sup>15</sup></p><p id="p0025">With this in mind, we sought to perform a needs assessment of the perceptions and expectations of the handoff process across North Texas to assist in the standardization of regional protocols. We included multiple stakeholder perspectives including emergency medical technicians (EMT), paramedics, emergency physicians (EP), trauma physicians, trauma nurses, and other trauma providers across multiple institutions.16, 17, 18 Beyond just the clinical content, we also evaluated the ideal duration, order of information, effective and ineffective environment characteristics, timing of adjunct patient care, and priorities for future optimization. We hypothesized that provider opinions would vary significantly between those receiving and providing handoff; however, we also hypothesized that expectations for an ideal handoff environment would be largely similar or overlapping in nature across all providers.</p></section></div></div><div id="preview-section-snippets"><div class="PageDivider"></div><div class="Snippets u-font-gulliver text-s"><h2 class="u-h4 u-margin-l-ver">Section snippets</h2><section><section id="sec2"><section id="sec2.1"><h2 class="section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom">Study design</h2><p id="p0030">This study was designed as a cross-sectional, survey based, mixed-methods needs assessment of the North Texas regional trauma handoff process. The University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviewed and approved this study. Additionally, all participating centers submitted letters of support for IRB approval prior to initiation of the study. Informed consent was waived as individuals chose to voluntarily participate in the survey-based study.</p></section><section id="sec2.2"><h2 class="section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom">Survey development</h2><p id="p0035">A multidisciplinary</p></section></section></section><section><section id="sec3"><section id="sec3.1"><h2 class="section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom">Description of the sample</h2><p id="p0080">A total of 262 complete survey responses were submitted. Of those who reported their role (<em>n</em> = 249), trauma nurses made up 38.2% (95/249), EMS 23.7% (59/249), EP 14.1% (35/249), trauma physicians 13.3% (33/249), (25/249), and other 10.8% (27/249). Providers who listed themselves as “other†identified as respiratory therapists, emergency medicine and trauma advanced practice providers, Emergency Department (ED) technician, paramedic technician, trauma registrar, trauma program manager, surgery</p></section></section></section><section><section id="sec4"><h2 class="section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom">Discussion</h2><p id="p0210">The handoff of trauma patients from EMS to receiving providers is a critical moment in patient care. Notwithstanding, a previous study performed at our institution uncovered deficiencies with the trauma handoff, including inconsistent information transfer and a lack of standardization both in giving and receiving handoff.<sup>9</sup> Our data demonstrated three key findings critical for target improvement in EMS handoff: the lack of familiarity with the MIST framework, the identification of 5priorities to </p></section></section><section><section id="sec5"><h2 class="section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom">Article Summary</h2><p id="p0250"><span class="list">1.<!-- -->Why is this topic important?<ol><li class="react-xocs-list-item"><span><p id="p0255">Literature has demonstrated that handoffs are a critical part of patient care and often at risk for communication failures and sentinel events. The prioritization of timeliness and thoroughness in the communication of care of critically ill trauma patients should be optimized.</p></span></li></ol></span><span class="list">2.<!-- -->What does this study attempt to show?<ol><li class="react-xocs-list-item"><span><p id="p0260">This study attempts to show what the expectations of various trauma providers are and whether those expectations are met in practice. The intent is to develop a consensus on the content, format, and surrounding practices</p></span></li></ol></span></p></section></section><section><section id="sec7"><h2 class="section-title u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom">Author Contributions</h2><p id="p0290">Madhuri Nagaraj: data collection, data analysis, manuscript drafting, and manuscript creation. Jessica Lowe: data collection, and manuscript finalization. Alexander Marinica: data collection, data analysis, manuscript drafting, and manuscript creation. Raymond Fowler: data collection, data analysis, and manuscript creation. Gilberto Salazar: data collection, data analysis, and manuscript creation. Ryan Dumas: data collection, data analysis, manuscript drafting, and manuscript creation.</p></section></section><section><section id="ack0010"><h2 id="sectitle0165" class="u-h4 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom">Acknowledgments</h2><p id="p0275">The authors would like to thank the North Central Texas Trauma Regional Advisory Council (NCTTRAC) as well as the regulatory teams at Texas Health Resources (THR), Methodist Dallas, and Baylor University Medical Center (BUMC) for assisting with the distribution of this survey.</p></section></section></div></div><div class="Tail text-s"></div><div id="preview-section-references"><div class="paginatedReferences u-font-gulliver text-s"><div class="PageDivider"></div><header><h2 class="u-h4 u-margin-l-ver"><span>References</span><span> (31)</span></h2></header><ul><li class="bib-reference u-margin-s-bottom"><span class="u-font-sans"><span class="author u-font-sans"><span>S.M. </span>Evans</span><em> et al.</em></span><h3><a class="anchor title anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S002013830900357X" target="_self"><span class="anchor-text">Assessing clinical handover between paramedics and the trauma team</span></a></h3><span class="host u-clr-grey6 u-font-sans"><div class="series"><h3 class="title">Injury</h3></div><div class="series">(2010)</div></span></li><li class="bib-reference u-margin-s-bottom"><span class="u-font-sans"><span class="author u-font-sans"><span>J.M. </span>Soto</span><em> et al.</em></span><h3><a class="anchor title anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S1008127517303413" target="_self"><span class="anchor-text">An overview of the American trauma system</span></a></h3><span class="host u-clr-grey6 u-font-sans"><div class="series"><h3 class="title">Chin J Traumatol</h3></div><div class="series">(2018)</div></span></li><li class="bib-reference u-margin-s-bottom"><span class="u-font-sans"><span class="author u-font-sans"><span>C. </span>Erlingsson</span><em> et al.</em></span><h3><a class="anchor title anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S2211419X17300423" target="_self"><span class="anchor-text">A hands-on guide to doing content analysis</span></a></h3><span class="host u-clr-grey6 u-font-sans"><div class="series"><h3 class="title">Afr J Emerg Med</h3></div><div class="series">(2017)</div></span></li><li class="bib-reference u-margin-s-bottom"><span class="u-font-sans"><span class="author u-font-sans"><span>U.H. </span>Graneheim</span><em> et al.</em></span><h3><a class="anchor title anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S0260691703001515" target="_self"><span class="anchor-text">Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness</span></a></h3><span class="host u-clr-grey6 u-font-sans"><div class="series"><h3 class="title">Nurse Educ Today</h3></div><div class="series">(2004)</div></span></li><li class="bib-reference u-margin-s-bottom"><h3 class="title">Sentinel event alert 58: Inadequate hand-off communication. 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width="17.25" height="24" class="icon icon-navigate-down u-fill-grey8"><path d="m1 51l7-7 38 38 38-38 7 7-45 45z"></path></svg></span><span class="button-alternative-text">View more references</span></button></div></div><div id="preview-section-cited-by"><section aria-label="Cited by" class="ListArticles preview"><div class="PageDivider"></div><header id="citing-articles-header"><h2 class="u-h4 u-margin-l-ver u-font-gulliver">Cited by (0)</h2></header><div aria-describedby="citing-articles-header"></div></section></div><div id="preview-section-recommended-articles"><section class="ListArticles"><div class="PageDivider"></div><header id="recommended-articles-header"><h2 class="u-h4 u-margin-l-ver u-font-gulliver">Recommended articles (6)</h2></header><div aria-describedby="recommended-articles-header"><div id="recommended-articles"><ul><li class="ListArticleItem u-margin-l-bottom"><div class="sub-heading u-margin-xs-bottom"><div class="u-margin-xs-ver text-xs">Research article</div><h3 class="u-font-gulliver" id="recommended-articles-article-0-title"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S1052305723002458"><span class="anchor-text"><span>Hyperperfusion syndrome after superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass for non-moyamoya steno-occlusive disease</span></span></a></h3><div class="text-s"><div class="source">Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Volume 32, Issue 8, 2023, Article 107222</div></div></div><div class="buttons text-s"><button class="button-link button-link-secondary button-link-icon-right" type="button" data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=recommended-articles:type=view-details" aria-describedby="recommended-articles-article-0-title" aria-controls="recommended-articles-article-0" aria-expanded="false"><span class="button-link-text">Show abstract</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 92 128" width="17.25" height="24" class="icon icon-navigate-down"><path d="m1 51l7-7 38 38 38-38 7 7-45 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Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass can be beneficial in selected patients with non-moyamoya steno-occlusive disease, however data is limited regarding the postoperative occurrence of hyperperfusion syndrome in this population. This case series describes the outcomes and complications, including hyperperfusion, in these patients who underwent bypass.</p><p id="spara007">This is a retrospective review of bypass procedures done for medically refractory intracranial stenosis at a single institution by a single surgeon between 2014 and 2021.</p><p id="spara008">30 patients underwent 33 bypass procedures for unequivocal non-moyamoya steno-occlusive disease. All patients had immediate bypass patency on post-operative day one. Major perioperative complications (9%) included one stroke and two cases of hyperperfusion syndrome. Minor perioperative complications (12%) included two seizures, one superficial wound infection and one deep vein thrombosis. Modified Rankin Score improved in 20 patients (74%), worsened in one patient (4%), and remained stable in seven patients (22%) at the last follow up. Twenty-three patients (85%) had scores ≤ 2. The recurrent stroke rate was 3% at 30 days and 7% at two years. The bypass patency rate at one year was 87.5%.</p><p id="spara009">In this series, bypass for patients with medically refractory non-moyamoya steno-occlusive disease was well tolerated and effective, with overall favorable outcomes. The occurrence of hyperperfusion syndrome is rare but significant and should be considered in post-operative management of this population.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="ListArticleItem u-margin-l-bottom"><div class="sub-heading u-margin-xs-bottom"><div class="u-margin-xs-ver text-xs">Research article</div><h3 class="u-font-gulliver" id="recommended-articles-article-1-title"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S0022460X23003413"><span class="anchor-text"><span>On the derivation of inequality constraints for independent component optimization maintaining a minimum system eigenfrequency</span></span></a></h3><div class="text-s"><div class="source">Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 565, 2023, Article 117892</div></div></div><div class="buttons text-s"><button class="button-link button-link-secondary button-link-icon-right" type="button" data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=recommended-articles:type=view-details" aria-describedby="recommended-articles-article-1-title" aria-controls="recommended-articles-article-1" aria-expanded="false"><span class="button-link-text">Show abstract</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 92 128" width="17.25" height="24" class="icon icon-navigate-down"><path d="m1 51l7-7 38 38 38-38 7 7-45 45z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="u-display-none" aria-hidden="true"><div class="abstract u-margin-xs-top u-margin-m-bottom u-font-gulliver text-s" id="reference-abstract"><div class="u-margin-ver-m"><p id="d1e2247">The lowest eigenfrequency of a structure depends on the local distributions of stiffness and inertia. 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For the special case of simply connected systems with rigid interfaces between components and mass-less support elements, limit functionals for support stiffness can be expressed using limit stiffness matrices. A particular choice for them is motivated assuming rigid body motion of the main body. This is then relaxed to produce limit stiffness matrices for arbitrary deformable main bodies.</p><p id="d1e2257">The approach is applied to the structural design of a space payload instrument, the ATHENA Wide Field Imager, enabling independent mass optimization of the so-called primary structure and the support elements. The resulting total mass is 7% larger than the one obtained by monolithic optimization. This could be further reduced to 3% by appropriately adjusting the requirements.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="ListArticleItem u-margin-l-bottom"><div class="sub-heading u-margin-xs-bottom"><div class="u-margin-xs-ver text-xs">Research article</div><h3 class="u-font-gulliver" id="recommended-articles-article-2-title"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S0749208123001122"><span class="anchor-text"><span>Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Health Care Teams in a Regional Cancer Institute: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study</span></span></a></h3><div class="text-s"><div class="source">Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 2023, Article 151468</div></div></div><div class="buttons text-s"><button class="button-link button-link-secondary button-link-icon-right" type="button" data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=recommended-articles:type=view-details" aria-describedby="recommended-articles-article-2-title" aria-controls="recommended-articles-article-2" aria-expanded="false"><span class="button-link-text">Show abstract</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 92 128" width="17.25" height="24" class="icon icon-navigate-down"><path d="m1 51l7-7 38 38 38-38 7 7-45 45z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="u-display-none" aria-hidden="true"><div class="abstract u-margin-xs-top u-margin-m-bottom u-font-gulliver text-s" id="reference-abstract"><div class="u-margin-ver-m"><p id="spara004">Oncology is a rapidly changing clinical setting. Research has shown improved patient outcomes and staff satisfaction following interprofessional collaborative education, but there has been limited research on perceptions of interprofessional collaboration among oncology health care professionals. The aims of this study were to: 1) assess attitudes of health care professionals toward interprofessional teams in oncology care, and 2) assess for differences in attitudes across various demographic and workplace groups.</p><p id="spara005">The research design was an electronic cross-sectional survey. The main instrument utilized was the Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Health Care Teams (ATIHCT) survey. A total of 187 oncology health care professionals from a regional New England cancer institute completed the survey. The ATIHCT mean score was high (M = 4.07, SD = 0.51). Analysis revealed statistically significant differences in mean score among participant age groups (<em>P</em> = .03). Significant differences (<em>P</em> = .01) were also noted between different professional groups and their time constraints sub-scale score on the ATIHCT scale. A higher mean score occurred in participants who had a current certification (M = 4.13, SD = 0.50) compared to those without (M = 4.05, SD = 0.46).</p><p id="spara006">High overall scores in attitudes toward health care teams suggest that cancer care settings are primed for interprofessional care model implementation. Future studies should examine strategies to improve attitudes among specific groups.</p><p id="spara007">Nurses are in a position to lead interprofessional teamwork in the clinical setting. Further research is necessary to examine best collaborative models in health care to support interprofessional teamwork.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="ListArticleItem u-margin-l-bottom"><div class="sub-heading u-margin-xs-bottom"><div class="u-margin-xs-ver text-xs">Research article</div><h3 class="u-font-gulliver" id="recommended-articles-article-3-title"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S1110016823005100"><span class="anchor-text"><span>Empowering communication networks with MMR scheduler: A novel approach to balancing user throughput and fairness</span></span></a></h3><div class="text-s"><div class="source">Alexandria Engineering Journal, Volume 76, 2023, pp. 641-649</div></div></div><div class="buttons text-s"><button class="button-link button-link-secondary button-link-icon-right" type="button" data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=recommended-articles:type=view-details" aria-describedby="recommended-articles-article-3-title" aria-controls="recommended-articles-article-3" aria-expanded="false"><span class="button-link-text">Show abstract</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 92 128" width="17.25" height="24" class="icon icon-navigate-down"><path d="m1 51l7-7 38 38 38-38 7 7-45 45z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="u-display-none" aria-hidden="true"><div class="abstract u-margin-xs-top u-margin-m-bottom u-font-gulliver text-s" id="reference-abstract"><div class="u-margin-ver-m"><p id="sp005">In the field of communication networks, the management of resource allocation is a crucial research area. To achieve efficient radio resource management, mobile telecommunications operators utilize opportunistic scheduling algorithms. This study presents a novel opportunistic scheduler, called MMR (Min–Max Rate), which aims to ensure equal treatment of users, good quality of service, and maximum overall system throughput simultaneously and improve network throughput and fairness by up to 70% compared to traditional and classical scheduling algorithms. To evaluate the performance of MMR, we compared it with other reference algorithms such as Round Robin, MaxSNR, and Proportional Fair, known for their scheduling efficiency and robustness. The simulation results obtained by the MATLAB software and analysis focused on fairness criteria and system throughput for different user groups, and we found that our proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="ListArticleItem u-margin-l-bottom"><div class="sub-heading u-margin-xs-bottom"><div class="u-margin-xs-ver text-xs">Research article</div><h3 class="u-font-gulliver" id="recommended-articles-article-4-title"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S1687850723000912"><span class="anchor-text"><span>Optimization of 3×3 inch NaI(Tl) detector related to energy, distance and bias voltage</span></span></a></h3><div class="text-s"><div class="source">Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, Volume 16, Issue 3, 2023, Article 100613</div></div></div><div class="buttons text-s"><button class="button-link button-link-secondary button-link-icon-right" type="button" data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=recommended-articles:type=view-details" aria-describedby="recommended-articles-article-4-title" aria-controls="recommended-articles-article-4" aria-expanded="false"><span class="button-link-text">Show abstract</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 92 128" width="17.25" height="24" class="icon icon-navigate-down"><path d="m1 51l7-7 38 38 38-38 7 7-45 45z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="u-display-none" aria-hidden="true"><div class="abstract u-margin-xs-top u-margin-m-bottom u-font-gulliver text-s" id="reference-abstract"><div class="u-margin-ver-m"><p id="abspara0010">There are different types of radiation detectors (gas-filled, semiconductor, scintillator etc.) and various working principles (ionization, electron-hole pair production, excitation) used in radiation detection. It is important that any detector is selected according to its intended use and that the detector is operated under appropriate conditions. NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors are widely used in nuclear spectroscopic studies due to their known advantages. Prior to carrying out such studies, it is first necessary to know the response function of the detector against radiation under the expected operating conditions and to perform the appropriate calibrations. It is important that certain factors are optimized, such as the experimental setup (source-to-detector position, shielding, source activity etc.), gain, bias voltage, and shaping time, which can each significantly affect the response function. In addition, in computational studies based on experimentation, optimization is gain more significant since it is assumed that such experimental studies are carried out under optimum conditions. In this study, in order to determine the most suitable operating conditions for a 3 × 3 inch NaI(Tl) detector; a coaxial sample holder was manufactured to enable different source-to-detector distances (5–15 cm) to be tested, and spectra were then obtained using different bias voltages (750–850 V) and sources with different energies in the range of 81–1332 keV. Through the use of efficiency values obtained for each condition, line and 3D surface plots were drawn and the relations between efficiency and distance, energy and bias voltage examined. The results showed that the efficiency value had an exponentially decreasing characteristic that was dependent on the energy and source-detector distance, and had the highest value at a bias voltage of around 800 V.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="ListArticleItem u-margin-l-bottom"><div class="sub-heading u-margin-xs-bottom"><div class="u-margin-xs-ver text-xs">Research article</div><h3 class="u-font-gulliver" id="recommended-articles-article-5-title"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S0022459623003420"><span class="anchor-text"><span>Mechanistic aspects of the reduction of rutile titanium dioxide and its Re-oxidation. Development and destruction of crystallographic shear structures</span></span></a></h3><div class="text-s"><div class="source">Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2023, Article 124174</div></div></div><div class="buttons text-s"><button class="button-link button-link-secondary button-link-icon-right" type="button" data-aa-button="sd:product:journal:article:location=recommended-articles:type=view-details" aria-describedby="recommended-articles-article-5-title" aria-controls="recommended-articles-article-5" aria-expanded="false"><span class="button-link-text">Show abstract</span><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 92 128" width="17.25" height="24" class="icon icon-navigate-down"><path d="m1 51l7-7 38 38 38-38 7 7-45 45z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="u-display-none" aria-hidden="true"><div class="abstract u-margin-xs-top u-margin-m-bottom u-font-gulliver text-s" id="reference-abstract"><div class="u-margin-ver-m"><p id="abspara0010">A model is presented giving the mean dimensions of acicular octadecahedral microcrystallites of a rutile titanium dioxide powder. Reduction at 823 K, in conjunction with ESR, electrical conductivity and controlled re-oxidation has enabled the model to be applied to reduced microcrystallites. At 300 K they contain <0.1% of paramagnetic [Ti<sup>3+↑</sup> V<sub>O:</sub> <sup>↑</sup>Ti<sup>3+</sup>] reduced edge sites and >99.9% of reduced spin-paired [Ti<sup>3+↑↓</sup> Ti<sup>3+</sup> V<sub>O:</sub>] sites. These sites are situated on the external crystal faces and on polygonal bulk crystallographic shear (CS) structures inclined to the microcrystal four-fold symmetry axis. CS structures are quantum-sized [Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>V<sub>O:</sub>] environments which broaden the paramagnetic signals at 78 K. Temperature programmed reduction in H<sub>2</sub>(g) reveals atomic hydrogen as a precursor to CS structure formation via a lattice template formed on microcrystallite faces. Shear structures are oxidised on their polygonal perimeters at differing rates on the respective microcrystallite faces by anionic vacancy transfer from sub-surface regions.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></section></div><div class="PageDivider"></div><div class="Footnotes text-xs"><dl class="footnote"><dt class="footnote-label"></dt><dd class="footnote-detail u-padding-xs-top"><p id="ntpara0010">Accepted as an ePoster at the American College of Surgeons Clinical Congress October 17. 2022.</p></dd></dl></div><a class="anchor full-text-link text-s anchor-default" href="/science/article/pii/S0022480423001907" aria-disabled="true" tabindex="-1"><span class="anchor-text">View full text</span></a><div class="Copyright"><span class="copyright-line">© 2023 Elsevier Inc. 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<script type="application/json" data-iso-key="_0">{"abstracts":{"content":[{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"sectitle0010"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Abstract"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"sectitle0015"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Introduction"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"abspara0010"},"#name":"simple-para","$$":[{"#name":"__text__","_":"Trauma video review of "},{"#name":"topic-link","_":"Emergency Medical Services","$":{"href":"/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/emergency-medical-service","term":"Emergency Medical Services"}},{"#name":"__text__","_":" (EMS) handoffs demonstrates frequent problems including interruptions and incomplete information transfer. 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The top five most important handoff details were the same for both stable and unstable "}]},{"#name":"topic-link","_":"patients","$":{"href":"/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/patient","term":"patients"}},{"#name":"__text__","_":": primary mechanism, blood pressure, "}]},{"#name":"topic-link","_":"heart rate","$":{"href":"/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/heart-rate","term":"heart rate"}},{"#name":"text","$$":[{"#name":"__text__","_":", "},{"#name":"topic-link","_":"Glasgow Coma Scale","$":{"href":"/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/glasgow-coma-scale","term":"Glasgow Coma Scale"}},{"#name":"__text__","_":", and location of injuries. While providers felt neutral about the data order, the vast majority supported immediate bed transfer and primary survey in unstable patients. The majority of receiving providers report interrupting handoff at least once (78%); and 66% of EMS clinicians found interruptions disruptive. Content analysis revealed top priority categories for improvement: environment, communication, information relayed, team dynamics, and flow of care."}]}]}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abspara0025"},"#name":"simple-para"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abssec0025"},"#name":"abstract-sec"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"sectitle0035"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Conclusion"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"abspara0030"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"Although our data demonstrated satisfaction and concordance with respect to the EMS handoff, 84% of EMS clinicians reported some to high amounts of variability across institutions. 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This process identified concerns similar to those published in literature including frequent interruptions, incomplete information transfer, and environmental factors that contribute to poor handoff quality."},{"#name":"sup","$":{"loc":"post"},"_":"9"},{"#name":"__text__","_":" Hypothesizing that this variability exists regionally, we sought to perform a needs assessment evaluating the existing perceptions and protocols guiding EMS handoff."}]},{"#name":"para","$":{"id":"p0020","view":"all"},"$$":[{"#name":"__text__","_":"In recent history, work in improving trauma patient-centered outcomes has led to the development and regionalization of trauma care through networks of prehospital care providers and specialized trauma centers. The ongoing goal of these networks is to optimize patient triage and standardize the quality of care across all institutions within a region."},{"#name":"sup","$":{"loc":"post"},"_":"12"},{"#name":"sup","$":{"loc":"post"},"_":","},{"#name":"sup","$":{"loc":"post"},"_":"13"},{"#name":"__text__","_":" Efforts to achieve this goal include trauma center verification through the American College of Surgeons (ACS) or state governments. Despite these efforts, the development of regionalized handoff protocols remains poorly implemented and studied. Only one previous study in central Ohio identified improvements in information transfer following the implementation of a standard handoff framework and training."},{"#name":"sup","$":{"loc":"post"},"_":"14"},{"#name":"__text__","_":" Furthermore, the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) practice management guidelines for “Transitions of Care/Handoffs†is currently under development and areyet to be published."},{"#name":"sup","$":{"loc":"post"},"_":"15"}]},{"#name":"para","$":{"id":"p0025","view":"all"},"_":"With this in mind, we sought to perform a needs assessment of the perceptions and expectations of the handoff process across North Texas to assist in the standardization of regional protocols. 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USA"}]},{"#name":"correspondence","$":{"id":"cor0001"},"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"âŽ"},{"#name":"text","$":{"id":"cetext0001"},"_":"Corresponding author at: Northwell Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 805 Northern Boulevard, Floor 1, Great Neck, NY 1102, USA."},{"#name":"affiliation","$":{"xmlns:sa":true},"$$":[{"#name":"organization","_":"Northwell Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell"},{"#name":"address-line","_":"805 Northern Boulevard, Floor 1"},{"#name":"city","_":"Great Neck"},{"#name":"state","_":"NY"},{"#name":"postal-code","_":"1102"},{"#name":"country","_":"USA"}]}]},{"#name":"footnote","$":{"id":"fn1"},"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"1"},{"#name":"note-para","$":{"id":"notep0001","view":"all"},"_":"Contributed Equally."}]}]}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[{"#name":"footnote","$":{"id":"fn1"},"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"1"},{"#name":"note-para","$":{"id":"notep0001","view":"all"},"_":"Contributed Equally."}]}],"attachments":[]},"lastAuthor":{"content":[{"#name":"author","$":{"id":"au0007","author-id":"S1052305723002458-ed60bdd3fd16ea647cafb679c11049f6"},"$$":[{"#name":"given-name","_":"Amir"},{"#name":"surname","_":"Dehdashti"},{"#name":"degrees","_":"MD"},{"#name":"cross-ref","$":{"id":"crf0010","refid":"aff0001"},"$$":[{"#name":"sup","$":{"loc":"post"},"_":"a"}]},{"#name":"e-address","$":{"xmlns:xlink":true,"id":"ead0007","type":"email","href":"mailto:adehdashti@northwell.edu"},"_":"adehdashti@northwell.edu"}]}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[],"attachments":[]},"title":{"content":[{"#name":"article-footnote","$":{"id":"aep-article-footnote-id1"},"$$":[{"#name":"note-para","$":{"id":"notep0002","view":"all"},"_":"Financial Support: No financial support was received for this work."}]},{"#name":"title","$":{"id":"tte0002"},"_":"Hyperperfusion syndrome after superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass for non-moyamoya steno-occlusive disease"}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[{"#name":"article-footnote","$":{"id":"aep-article-footnote-id1"},"$$":[{"#name":"note-para","$":{"id":"notep0002","view":"all"},"_":"Financial Support: No financial support was received for this work."}]}],"attachments":[]},"openArchive":false,"openAccess":false,"document-subtype":"fla","content-family":"serial","contentType":"JL","abstract":{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"cesectitle0001"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Abstract"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"cesectitle0002"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Background and Objectives"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"spara006"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and intracranial stenoses increase the risk for stroke. Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass can be beneficial in selected patients with non-moyamoya steno-occlusive disease, however data is limited regarding the postoperative occurrence of hyperperfusion syndrome in this population. This case series describes the outcomes and complications, including hyperperfusion, in these patients who underwent bypass."}],"$":{"view":"all","role":"background","id":"abss0001"},"#name":"abstract-sec"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"cesectitle0003"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Methods"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"spara007"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"This is a retrospective review of bypass procedures done for medically refractory intracranial stenosis at a single institution by a single surgeon between 2014 and 2021."}],"$":{"view":"all","role":"materials-methods","id":"abss0002"},"#name":"abstract-sec"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"cesectitle0004"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Results"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"spara008"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"30 patients underwent 33 bypass procedures for unequivocal non-moyamoya steno-occlusive disease. All patients had immediate bypass patency on post-operative day one. Major perioperative complications (9%) included one stroke and two cases of hyperperfusion syndrome. Minor perioperative complications (12%) included two seizures, one superficial wound infection and one deep vein thrombosis. Modified Rankin Score improved in 20 patients (74%), worsened in one patient (4%), and remained stable in seven patients (22%) at the last follow up. Twenty-three patients (85%) had scores ≤ 2. The recurrent stroke rate was 3% at 30 days and 7% at two years. The bypass patency rate at one year was 87.5%."}],"$":{"view":"all","role":"results","id":"abss0003"},"#name":"abstract-sec"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"cesectitle0005"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Conclusion"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"spara009"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"In this series, bypass for patients with medically refractory non-moyamoya steno-occlusive disease was well tolerated and effective, with overall favorable outcomes. The occurrence of hyperperfusion syndrome is rare but significant and should be considered in post-operative management of this population."}],"$":{"view":"all","role":"conclusion","id":"abss0004"},"#name":"abstract-sec"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abs0001","class":"author"},"#name":"abstract"}],"$":{"xmlns:ce":true,"xmlns:dm":true,"xmlns:sb":true},"#name":"abstracts"},"pdf":{"urlType":"download","url":"/science/article/pii/S1052305723002458/pdfft?md5=f098819fe1d3b1c0f69f635c2e4f6177&pid=1-s2.0-S1052305723002458-main.pdf"},"iss-first":"8","vol-first":"32","isThirdParty":false,"issn-primary-unformatted":"10523057","issn-primary-formatted":"1052-3057"},{"pii":"S0022460X23003413","doi":"10.1016/j.jsv.2023.117892","journalTitle":"Journal of Sound and Vibration","publicationYear":"2023","publicationDate":"2023-10-24","volumeSupText":"Volume 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derivation of inequality constraints for independent component optimization maintaining a minimum system eigenfrequency"}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[],"attachments":[]},"openArchive":false,"openAccess":false,"document-subtype":"fla","content-family":"serial","contentType":"JL","abstract":{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"d1e2244"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Abstract"},{"$$":[{"$$":[{"#name":"__text__","_":"The lowest eigenfrequency of a structure depends on the local distributions of stiffness and inertia. When components of a structural system are designed separately, which is typical, e.g., in the aerospace industry, design targets for stiffness and mass of components support independent design work: they can be chosen such that realizing them ensures a minimum system eigenfrequency. However, meeting design targets "},{"#name":"italic","_":"exactly"},{"#name":"__text__","_":" may be difficult, e.g., due to unforeseen restrictions such as requirements from other disciplines or limitations with respect to manufacturing. This paper uses Rayleigh’s Quotient to derive "},{"#name":"italic","_":"inequality"},{"#name":"__text__","_":" constraints as limits on the spatial distributions of stiffness and mass, rather than target distributions without tolerance. They serve as component requirements with design freedom and help to decompose the system for independent design."}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2247"},"#name":"simple-para"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2255"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"A general formulation based on limit functionals for deformation energy and kinetic energy is proposed for arbitrary structures. For the special case of simply connected systems with rigid interfaces between components and mass-less support elements, limit functionals for support stiffness can be expressed using limit stiffness matrices. A particular choice for them is motivated assuming rigid body motion of the main body. This is then relaxed to produce limit stiffness matrices for arbitrary deformable main bodies."},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2257"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"The approach is applied to the structural design of a space payload instrument, the ATHENA Wide Field Imager, enabling independent mass optimization of the so-called primary structure and the support elements. The resulting total mass is 7% larger than the one obtained by monolithic optimization. This could be further reduced to 3% by appropriately adjusting the requirements."}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2246"},"#name":"abstract-sec"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2243","class":"author"},"#name":"abstract"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"d1e2260"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Highlights"},{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"•"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2269"},"#name":"para","_":"Distributed design of a system subject to a requirement on smallest system eigenfrequency."}],"$":{"id":"d1e2266"},"#name":"list-item"},{"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"•"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2274"},"#name":"para","_":"Inequality constraints on spatial distribution of stiffness and mass for each component."}],"$":{"id":"d1e2271"},"#name":"list-item"},{"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"•"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2279"},"#name":"para","_":"Components can be designed and optimized independently."}],"$":{"id":"d1e2276"},"#name":"list-item"},{"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"•"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2284"},"#name":"para","_":"Application to the ATHENA payload structur of WFI."}],"$":{"id":"d1e2281"},"#name":"list-item"}],"$":{"id":"d1e2265"},"#name":"list"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2263"},"#name":"simple-para"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2262"},"#name":"abstract-sec"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"d1e2259","class":"author-highlights"},"#name":"abstract"}],"$":{"xmlns:ce":true,"xmlns:dm":true,"xmlns:sb":true},"#name":"abstracts"},"pdf":{"urlType":"download","url":"/science/article/pii/S0022460X23003413/pdfft?md5=7a526837f5eb43d6746c6ff2661263e3&pid=1-s2.0-S0022460X23003413-main.pdf"},"iss-first":"","vol-first":"565","isThirdParty":false,"issn-primary-unformatted":"0022460X","issn-primary-formatted":"0022-460X"},{"pii":"S0749208123001122","doi":"10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151468","journalTitle":"Seminars in Oncology 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Research has shown improved patient outcomes and staff satisfaction following interprofessional collaborative education, but there has been limited research on perceptions of interprofessional collaboration among oncology health care professionals. The aims of this study were to: 1) assess attitudes of health care professionals toward interprofessional teams in oncology care, and 2) assess for differences in attitudes across various demographic and workplace groups."}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abss0001"},"#name":"abstract-sec"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"cesectitle0003"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Data Sources"},{"$$":[{"#name":"__text__","_":"The research design was an electronic cross-sectional survey. The main instrument utilized was the Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Health Care Teams (ATIHCT) survey. A total of 187 oncology health care professionals from a regional New England cancer institute completed the survey. The ATIHCT mean score was high (M = 4.07, SD = 0.51). Analysis revealed statistically significant differences in mean score among participant age groups ("},{"#name":"italic","_":"P"},{"#name":"__text__","_":" = .03). Significant differences ("},{"#name":"italic","_":"P"},{"#name":"__text__","_":" = .01) were also noted between different professional groups and their time constraints sub-scale score on the ATIHCT scale. A higher mean score occurred in participants who had a current certification (M = 4.13, SD = 0.50) compared to those without (M = 4.05, SD = 0.46)."}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"spara005"},"#name":"simple-para"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abss0002"},"#name":"abstract-sec"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"cesectitle0004"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Conclusion"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"spara006"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"High overall scores in attitudes toward health care teams suggest that cancer care settings are primed for interprofessional care model implementation. Future studies should examine strategies to improve attitudes among specific groups."}],"$":{"view":"all","role":"conclusion","id":"abss0003"},"#name":"abstract-sec"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"cesectitle0005"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Implications for Nursing Practice"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"spara007"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"Nurses are in a position to lead interprofessional teamwork in the clinical setting. 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To achieve efficient radio resource management, mobile telecommunications operators utilize opportunistic scheduling algorithms. This study presents a novel opportunistic scheduler, called MMR (Min–Max Rate), which aims to ensure equal treatment of users, good quality of service, and maximum overall system throughput simultaneously and improve network throughput and fairness by up to 70% compared to traditional and classical scheduling algorithms. To evaluate the performance of MMR, we compared it with other reference algorithms such as Round Robin, MaxSNR, and Proportional Fair, known for their scheduling efficiency and robustness. The simulation results obtained by the MATLAB software and analysis focused on fairness criteria and system throughput for different user groups, and we found that our proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms."}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"as005"},"#name":"abstract-sec"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"ab005","lang":"en","class":"author"},"#name":"abstract"}],"$":{"xmlns:ce":true,"xmlns:dm":true,"xmlns:sb":true},"#name":"abstracts"},"pdf":{"urlType":"download","url":"/science/article/pii/S1110016823005100/pdfft?md5=ec2dfeb404dee0ddf733c36c1539a4c1&pid=1-s2.0-S1110016823005100-main.pdf"},"iss-first":"","vol-first":"76","isThirdParty":false,"issn-primary-unformatted":"11100168","issn-primary-formatted":"1110-0168"},{"pii":"S1687850723000912","doi":"10.1016/j.jrras.2023.100613","journalTitle":"Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences","publicationYear":"2023","publicationDate":"2023-09-01","volumeSupText":"Volume 16, Issue 3","articleNumber":"100613","pageRange":"100613","trace-token":"AAAAQJM-dy-AOp70-qx9UuM2-1y8vyJtZObcZOGs0QyZ39HZEEqXBU2bXU3Jd7Ck0e5zasG0_VPWQa_liYzXguCX2ulfw-4Ox7854txrQDbtXS4qyk1L0A","authors":{"content":[{"#name":"author-group","$":{"id":"augrp0010"},"$$":[{"#name":"author","$":{"id":"au1","author-id":"S1687850723000912-a3473c475fee65c5bce30263887a3ff8"},"$$":[{"#name":"given-name","_":"Muhammed"},{"#name":"surname","_":"Fatih Kuluöztürk"},{"#name":"e-address","$":{"xmlns:xlink":true,"type":"email","href":"mailto:mfkuluozturk@beu.edu.tr","id":"eadd0010"},"_":"mfkuluozturk@beu.edu.tr"}]},{"#name":"affiliation","$":{"id":"aff1","affiliation-id":"S1687850723000912-6c094d2931508f9769d1a8f0a4bc0b01"},"$$":[{"#name":"textfn","_":"Bitlis Eren University, Electrical-Electronics Engineering Department, 13000, Bitlis, Turkiye"},{"#name":"affiliation","$":{"xmlns:sa":true},"$$":[{"#name":"organization","_":"Bitlis Eren University"},{"#name":"organization","_":"Electrical-Electronics Engineering Department"},{"#name":"city","_":"Bitlis"},{"#name":"postal-code","_":"13000"},{"#name":"country","_":"Turkiye"}]},{"#name":"source-text","$":{"id":"srct0010"},"_":"Bitlis Eren University, Electrical-Electronics Engineering Department, 13000, Bitlis, Turkiye"}]}]}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[],"attachments":[]},"lastAuthor":{"content":[{"#name":"author","$":{"id":"au1","author-id":"S1687850723000912-a3473c475fee65c5bce30263887a3ff8"},"$$":[{"#name":"given-name","_":"Muhammed"},{"#name":"surname","_":"Fatih Kuluöztürk"},{"#name":"e-address","$":{"xmlns:xlink":true,"type":"email","href":"mailto:mfkuluozturk@beu.edu.tr","id":"eadd0010"},"_":"mfkuluozturk@beu.edu.tr"}]}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[],"attachments":[]},"title":{"content":[{"#name":"title","$":{"id":"title0010"},"_":"Optimization of 3×3 inch NaI(Tl) detector related to energy, distance and bias voltage"}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[],"attachments":[]},"openArchive":false,"openAccess":true,"document-subtype":"fla","content-family":"serial","contentType":"JL","abstract":{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"sectitle0010"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Abstract"},{"$$":[{"$":{"view":"all","id":"abspara0010"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"There are different types of radiation detectors (gas-filled, semiconductor, scintillator etc.) and various working principles (ionization, electron-hole pair production, excitation) used in radiation detection. It is important that any detector is selected according to its intended use and that the detector is operated under appropriate conditions. NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors are widely used in nuclear spectroscopic studies due to their known advantages. Prior to carrying out such studies, it is first necessary to know the response function of the detector against radiation under the expected operating conditions and to perform the appropriate calibrations. It is important that certain factors are optimized, such as the experimental setup (source-to-detector position, shielding, source activity etc.), gain, bias voltage, and shaping time, which can each significantly affect the response function. In addition, in computational studies based on experimentation, optimization is gain more significant since it is assumed that such experimental studies are carried out under optimum conditions. In this study, in order to determine the most suitable operating conditions for a 3 × 3 inch NaI(Tl) detector; a coaxial sample holder was manufactured to enable different source-to-detector distances (5–15 cm) to be tested, and spectra were then obtained using different bias voltages (750–850 V) and sources with different energies in the range of 81–1332 keV. Through the use of efficiency values obtained for each condition, line and 3D surface plots were drawn and the relations between efficiency and distance, energy and bias voltage examined. The results showed that the efficiency value had an exponentially decreasing characteristic that was dependent on the energy and source-detector distance, and had the highest value at a bias voltage of around 800 V."}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abssec0010"},"#name":"abstract-sec"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abs0010","lang":"en","class":"author"},"#name":"abstract"}],"$":{"xmlns:ce":true,"xmlns:dm":true,"xmlns:sb":true},"#name":"abstracts"},"pdf":{"urlType":"download","url":"/science/article/pii/S1687850723000912/pdfft?md5=c9124f8e2363ec96c43aab1e26407222&pid=1-s2.0-S1687850723000912-main.pdf"},"iss-first":"3","vol-first":"16","isThirdParty":false,"issn-primary-unformatted":"16878507","issn-primary-formatted":"1687-8507"},{"pii":"S0022459623003420","doi":"10.1016/j.jssc.2023.124174","journalTitle":"Journal of Solid State 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